Abstract: Soil carbon pool is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Studying the storage and stabilization mechanism of organic carbon in soil and reducing the emission of carbon dioxide gas in soil will help to cope with global climate change and achieve the goal of 'carbon neutrality'. Yunnan Province is located in the southwest border of China. Under the interaction of various complex factors such as climate, topography and geomorphology, soil with multiple parent materials have been developed, which are characteristic and representative. The characteristics of farmland soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation under different parent materials in Yunnan Province are still unclear, and its influencing factors need to be studied. A total of 102 samples (0-10 cm) of farmland soil surface developed from different parent materials in Yunnan Province were systematically collected. Through testing and data analysis, the following understandings were obtained: (1) The SOC content of soil developed from different parent materials from high to low is: peat sediment > mudstone > limestone > basalt > claystone > granite > dolomite > sandstone > sand shale > glutenite; (2) One-way analysis of variance showed that different parent material types significantly affect the SOC content in the surface soil. (3) Correlation analysis showed that SOC is significantly positively correlated with water content, total nitrogen, active iron and altitude, and significantly negatively correlated with annual average temperature in soil physical and chemical properties and climatic and topographic environmental factors. Among the soil chemical elements, SOC is significantly positively correlated with P, S, Zn and Mn. In addition to the influence of soil parent material, the natural geographical conditions such as climate and topography also have a certain influence on the accumulation characteristics of SOC.