Abstract: Planting structure is a specific reflection of a regional crop planting and is very important to agricultural sustainable development and national food security.In this article, we analyzed planting structure change of Heilongjiang Province during 1970-2010 based on local agriculture statistics data and meteorological data.The results showed that panting structure of Heilongjiang Province had greatly changed.Up to 2010, the planting area of corn, soybean and rice had increased by 2.5, 2.4 and 18 times, respectively; while the planting area of wheat decreased to 1/6 of 1970's.The changes of planting structure were mainly influenced by national policy, science and technology, economic benefit, climate and so on.National policy was the guidance factor for planting structure and played a vital role.Therefore, Heilongjiang Province, as an important commodity grain base, urgently demands national policy to readjust the planting structure reasonably.